22 Nov Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type
Title | Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type/ El aislamiento de enterobacterales resistentes a ciprofloxacina y ceftazidima de vegetales y agua de río está fuertemente asociado con la estación y el tipo de muestra |
Author | Constanza Díaz-Gavidia; Carla Barría; Lina Rivas, Patricia García; Francisca P. Alvarez; Gerardo González-Rocha; Andrés Opazo-Capurro; Rafael Araos; José M. Munita; Sandra Cortes; Jorge Olivares-Pacheco; Aiko D. Adell; Andrea I. Moreno-Switt |
Line(s) | Critical Resources/ Recursos Críticos |
Year of Publication | 2021 |
Journal Title | Frontiers in Microbiology |
Keywords | Multidrug resistance, Vegetable, River water, Chile, Environmental risk factors, Enterobacterales, Resistencia a múltiples fármacos, Vegetal, Agua de río, Chile, Factores de riesgo ambiental, Enterobacterales |
Abstract | The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including Escherichia coli (n=109), Citrobacter sp. (n=20), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), and Klebsiella aerogenes (n=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two E. coli isolates (1.29%), the gene mcr-1 was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with blaCTX-M being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water. La diseminación de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos (BRA) del agua utilizada para el riego de cultivos a las hortalizas está poco estudiada. Durante un año se visitaron cinco mercados de agricultores en una ciudad del centro de Chile y se recolectaron 478 muestras de vegetales (perejil, cilantro, apio, lechuga, acelga y remolacha). Simultáneamente, se recolectaron 32 muestras de agua de dos ríos que se utilizan para regar las hortalizas que se producen en la zona. Se aislaron e identificaron enterobacterales resistentes. Se detectaron molecularmente el gen de resistencia a la colistina mcr-1 y las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Se evaluó la asociación de factores ambientales, siendo los resultados la presencia de Enterobacterales resistentes a cuatro familias de antibióticos y la presencia de fenotipos de multirresistencia (MDR). El perejil, el cilantro y el apio mostraron la mayor prevalencia de Enterobacterales resistentes (41,9% para ciprofloxacina y 18,5% para ceftazidima). Se obtuvieron un total de 155 aislamientos, incluyendo Escherichia coli (n = 109), Citrobacter sp. (n = 20), complejo Enterobacter cloacae (n = 8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8) y Klebsiella aerogenes (n = 1). La resistencia a ampicilina (63,2%) y ciprofloxacina (74,2%) fue la más frecuente; El 34,5% de los aislamientos mostró resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación y el fenotipo MDR representó el 51,6% de los aislamientos. En dos aislamientos de E. coli (1,29%), se encontró el gen mcr-1 y genes BLEE en 23/62 aislamientos (37%), siendo blaCTX-M el más frecuentemente encontrado en 20 aislamientos (32%). Los Enterobacterales resistentes aislados durante la temporada de lluvias tenían menos probabilidades de ser MDR en comparación con la temporada seca. Comprender las asociaciones ambientales representa el primer paso hacia una mejor comprensión del impacto en la salud pública de los ARB en las verduras y el agua. |
Doi | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.604567 |
Corresponding Author | Sandra Cortés scortesn@uc.cl |